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This study investigates the spatiotemporal development of the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in Malta, and compares it with Zaragoza, Spain, as an inland reference site of the same Köppen climate classification. High-resolution summer Land Surface Temperature (LST) data from 2013 to 2025, along with Impervious Surface Area (ISA), Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), and NDVI data were used to analyse the
