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The paper combines a truthmaker semantics with a dispositional view of beliefs according to which they are dispositions of agents to act as if truthmakers obtain. This has a number of virtues in that it gives us (i) an exact semantics for belief reports; as well as plausible accounts of both (ii) epistemic closure and (iii) contradictory beliefs. In particular, it allows us to analyze knowledge in
Interactive AI systems - large language models, conversational agents, and chatbots - are rapidly becoming primary interfaces through which citizens access and evaluate political information. Developed and governed largely by private corporations, these systems do not merely distribute content: they shape opinion formation through sustained, adaptive, and personalised dialogue, relocating politica
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency has been suggested as a potential mechanism for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) development due to involvement in neurotransmitter synthesis and transporter expression. As iron deficiency is particularly common in women of reproductive age, often due to heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), we aimed to explore the relationship between iron deficienc
Heavy periods are a common cause of anaemia in women of reproductive age. We compare the prevalence of anaemia and heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) among women in the United Kingdom and Australia. Women aged 15-50 years were recruited through screening events conducted in the United Kingdom and Australia from 2016 to 2024. In these cross-sectional studies, self-report questionnaires screened for HMB
INTRODUCTION: Anaemia in patients having surgery is associated with worse postoperative outcomes. Management with intravenous iron is an attractive therapeutic option, however, pre-operative intravenous iron administration is challenging. Evidence from interventional trials suggests that the greatest benefit is after hospital discharge. As anaemia is common after surgery, this meta-analysis aimed
OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency, anaemia, and menorrhagia - or heavy menstrual bleeding - are interrelated conditions that are highly prevalent and commonly underrecognised in exercising females of reproductive age. This study utilised a screening tool to identify risk factors and symptoms associated with heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and anaemia in this population.DESIGN: An observationa
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Reproductive-aged women are at an increased risk of developing iron deficiency (ID). We aimed to develop a non-invasive screening tool to identify ID in women and assess the acceptability of screening.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We screened women (age 18-49 years) in the community of Western Australia.PRIMARY OUTCOME: acceptability of screening, assessed by the feasibility
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Iron deficiency anaemia is common in patients recovering from major surgery and is associated with poorer post-operative outcomes. We designed a randomized controlled trial treating post-operative anaemia with iron therapy to observe the influence on post-operative recovery.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anaemic patients (haemoglobin [Hb] < 120 g/L for women, Hb < 130 g/L for me
OBJECTIVES: Non-anaemic iron deficiency (IDNA) is highly prevalent in exercising females. Although iron therapy can be used to correct this issue, its impact on exercise performance is equivocal. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of intravenous iron therapy on exercise performance, fatigue, mood states, and quality of life in recreationally active IDNA females of reproductive age.METHODS: Twenty-
Preoperative anemia affects one-third of patients undergoing major surgery and is associated with worse perioperative and postoperative outcomes; including length of hospital stay, allogeneic blood transfusion, morbidity, and mortality. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, and associative data suggests that preoperative correction of iron deficiency anemia could improve postoperativ
Anemia is a common problem when patients present with cancer, and it can worsen during treatment. Anemia can directly impact the cognitive and physical quality of life and may impair fitness for oncological therapy. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Newer intravenous (IV) iron formulations offer a safe and rapidly effective treatment option. We performed a systematic mapping revi
BACKGROUND: Patient perceptions of iron deficiency and efficacy of iron therapy may differ from the interpretations of doctors. Qualitative investigation at an individual level related may help define patient expectations and therapeutic targets. Therefore, we aimed to explore this concept in exercising females of reproductive age.METHODS: Exercising females (n = 403) who either (a) were currently
BACKGROUND: Preoperative anaemia is associated with increased use of blood transfusions, a greater risk of postoperative complications, and patient morbidity. The IRON NOF trial aimed to investigate whether the administration of i.v. iron in anaemic patients during hip fracture surgery reduced the need for blood transfusion and improved patient outcomes.METHODS: This phase III double-blind, random
Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world. It is of concern for women and girls of reproductive age as, despite frequent normalization, excessive menstrual blood loss and the iron demands associated with pregnancy increase the risk of developing an ID. Iron deficiency reduces health-related quality of life with symptoms of fatigue, heart palpitations, difficulty
With the current climate crisis, it is time to reframe our understanding of active mobility as a solution for short journeys only. When combined with public transport, almost any journey can be an active one. To compete with private automobile travel, public transport must combine the speed of motorised transport, the reliability of dedicated right-of-way services, and the flexibility of active tr
