Advancing industry 4.0 with microfabrication of K-type TFTCs on stainless steel 316 L substrates : a study on SiO2 insulation, substrate thickness, and surface roughness optimization
Thin-film thermocouples (TFTCs) are critical for real-time temperature monitoring in advanced manufacturing processes where conventional sensors fail due to spatial constraints or complex geometries. This study develops K-type TFTCs on stainless steel 316 L substrates with optimized SiO₂/SiO insulation layers for industrial deployment. In particular, two types of stainless steel substrates were in
