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Denna uppsats undersöker de sedvanerättsliga reglerna om immunitet för statschefer och andra högt uppsatta statsrepresentanter. Syftet är att göra en övergripande kartläggning av reglernas innehåll som möjliggör korrekt rättstillämpning i framtiden. Genom att granska konventioner, kodifieringar, rättsfall och doktrin om ämnet, samt genom att undersöka det pågående kodifikationsarbetet, kartläggs rThis essay examines the rules of immunity for heads of state and other high-ranking state officials under international law. The aim is to create a comprehensive outline of the content of the rules, enabling a more accurate and legal-ly sound practice in the future. Through reviewing conventions, codifications, legal cases and legal doctrine on the subject, and through examining the current codi

This work concerns reduction of the peak flow rate of a district heating grid,a key system property which is bounded by pipe dimensions and pumpingcapacity. The peak flow rate constrains the number of additional consumersthat can be connected, and may be a limiting factor in reducing supplytemperatures when transitioning to the 4th generation of district heating.We evaluate a full year of operatio

As the total cost of renewable electricity falls lower than the price of fossil fuel, not only can electricity be used to replace fossil fuels using batteries in vehicles but it can also be used to produce fuels. This makes it possible to replace fuels in sectors not easily directly electrified. It also provides new ways of balancing the electricity system. When renewable electricity is cheap a lo

Studying the effects of the climate change on buildings contains two major fields: energy consumption and durability. In the field of durability the moisture effects on the building play a significant role. In Sweden the last 10-15 years have been mild and wet compared to previously. Precipitation increased considerably during the period (+11 %), whereas temperature increase were weaker (+ 0.7 oC)

Increasing efforts to produce power from renewable resources and improve the efficiency of current industrial processes have turned the spotlight on organic Rankine cycles (ORC). The use of refrigerant mixtures in these cycles offers a wide range of possibilities for fluid selection and optimization. Moreover, zeotropic mixtures are reported to yield better cycle performances due to their better t

A key component in low energy houses is the heat recovery from the ventilation air. Over recent years, the most frequently used ventilation type is the mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. This kind of ventilation results in high heat recovery but does unfortunately consume a considerable amount of electrical energy. Natural or hybrid ventilation has the potential to consume less electricity

A new model; WORLD6 was developed. WORLD6 differs from the earlier system dynamics world models in several aspects. Several modules link the economy, materials, metals, energy, population and politics in a dynamic system. The present version is a result of a dismantling of the World3 model (Meadows et al., 1972, 1992, 2004) with an extension and substitution of its resource module and economy modu

Thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery cells poses significant safety risks due to rapid heat generation and potential thermal propagation within a battery system. This study investigates the total heat released and the fraction of energy contained in gas and particles ejected during thermal runaway using a purpose-built calorimeter setup. The results show that the fraction of ejected heat is sign

Background & Aims: Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a 33-amino acid peptide hormone secreted by enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP-2 stimulates crypt cell proliferation leading to expansion of the mucosal epithelium; however, the mechanisms transducing the trophic effects of GLP-2 are incompletely understood. Methods: We examined the gene expression profiles and gro

Detta forskningsområde fokuserar på hur hållbarhetsövergångar påverkar naturresurser och leveranskedjor, hur dessa förändringar uppfattas påverka säkerheten och hur dessa uppfattningar utlöser respons från olika aktörer. Hållbarhetsövergångar påverkar materialiteten i försörjningskedjor och infrastrukturnätverk. Att minska användningen av fossila resurser och kolintensiva produktionsmetoder ökar This research area focuses on how sustainability transitions impact natural resources and supply chains, how these changes are perceived to affect security and how these perceptions trigger response by different actors. Sustainability transitions impact the materiality of supply chains and infrastructure networks. Reducing the use of fossil resources and carbon intensive production methods increa

Språk- och litteraturcentrum (SOL) är Sveriges största institution med inriktning på språk, språkvetenskap, litteraturvetenskap och områdesstudier. SOL erbjuder ett stort antal fristående kurser som kompletteras av ett växande antal programutbildningar på grundnivå och avancerad nivå. Med närmare 40 ämnen och ett trettiotal forskarutbildningar bildar SOL en solid enhet med bredd och djup i utbildnThe Centre for Languages and Literature (SOL) is Sweden's largest institution specialising in languages, linguistics, comparative literature and area studies. SOL offers a large number of independent courses complemented by a growing number of undergraduate and graduate programmes. With close to 40 subjects and some 30 postgraduate programmes, SOL forms a solid unit with breadth and depth in teach

Institutionen består av följande avdelningar, ABM, digitala kulturer samt förlags- och bokmarknadskunskap, bokhistoria, etnologi, idé- och lärdomshistoria, konsthistoria och visuella studier, modevetenskap, musikvetenskap och intermediala studier samt centrumbildningarna Centrum för Öresundsstudier och Ljudmiljöcentrum.The department consists of the following divisions: Division of ALM, Digital Cultures and Publishing Studies, Division of Book History, Division of Ethnology, Divison of History of Ideas and Sciences, Division of Art History and Visual Studies, Divison of Fashion Sciences, Division of Musicology and Intermedia Studies, Centre for Oresund Region Studies and Sound Environment Centre.

This works analyzes the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in connection with equality and non-discrimination. The thesis has two major parts. The first part discusses a possible pattern or standard to predict the results of the Inter-American Court in connection with equality and non-discrimination. The author revised cases from this Court in order to predict when the Court

In the Western political science literature of the late 20th and early 21st century, the Middle East has often been described, not only as authoritarian, but also as impervious to democracy. Institutional, structural, and cultural explanations were advanced to explain this democracy deficit. This article will debunk the notion that democratization in the Middle East is limited by entrenched Muslim

This paper uses an analytical framework of multi-level and multi-phase perspectives to explore low carbon transition pathways for the UK road transport system. The work draws on the impact made by the national (UK) and regional (EU) low carbon policy instruments on the UK road sector. The results show that the transformation pathway, which is at the take-off phase on a large scale, is the only ful

For several centuries, the dominant worldview in industrial societies has held that various problems --such as those recently identified as relating to sustainability-- can be solved through technological progress. Technological progress has been conceived as the fruits of engineering science, new knowledge, and innovation. While knowledge of the principles of physics is certainly a necessary cond

New legislation, rules and regulations concerning food waste creation mostly aim at private households and not the industry sector. This thesis is broaching on the issue of food waste within the food service sector to tackle the problem on a managerial level. The research question tries to answer in which way the food service sector, with special focus on Quick Service Restaurants (QSRs), can redu

This case study investigates the potentials, greenhouse gas (GHG), and energy performance of forest residue biofuels produced by new and emerging production technologies, which are commercially implemented in Sweden for heavy transport. The biofuel options included are ethanol (ED 95), hydro-processed vegetable oil (HVO), and liquefied biogas (LBG) produced from logging residues in forestry and sa

https://www.ses.lu.se/sites/ses.lu.se/files/ht13-kp-ksma32.pdf - 2026-07-02