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This thesis examines the impact on traditional knowledge holders' right to culture of corporate appropriation of traditional knowledge for the purpose of developing new medicines. The questions addressed are: - Does the behaviour of pharmaceutical companies in relation to traditional knowledge infringe on the right to culture of original knowledge holders? - What regulation of bioprospecting a
Fair use is a doctrine native to the U.S., but is with the introduction of the internet more than a decade ago now informally applied worldwide. It has become a potent tool for the digitisation of classic content, such as books and music. In a very debated area of law, copyright is now regarded not as a promotional tool for intellectual endeavours, but as a brake block obstructing the development
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of competition on creativity in a Swedish context. Ninety-nine 5th grade children were divided into two groups and examined on the hypothesis that competition in one group would create an extrinsic constraint and therefore diminish the intrinsic motivation resulting in less creative outcome. Furthermore we hypothesized that the participants in the c
The strive for international justice have existed for a very long time. We have seen attempts been made to achieve this goal by for example the creations of the Tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. The idea has been to prosecute and hold war criminals responsible for their actions. The most recent attempt to establish an international legal system was first made in 1989, when the process of
Over the last decades business has become increasingly globalised and corporations are no longer limited by national boundaries. As a consequence many states have abolished their exchange controls, that is to say, the rules that controlled the transferring of money or other assets abroad. The abolition of exchange controls, however, provides opportunities for tax avoidance. Since companies are tax
Fundamental rights and the four fundamental freedoms co-exist in Community law. These two fundamental interests have been placed on the highest normative level by the ECJ. Notwithstanding its similarities, fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms are two different notions, where the former is typically human rights and the latter applies primarily to economic circumstances. When these two funda
Pharmaceuticals have been gaining environmental attention on a global scale. It is estimated that approximately 4,000 medical compounds are used in the drugs applied today. As middle hand providers, licensed physicians are the third to last representative in the distribution chain of prescription drugs. The aim of this study was to examine if Swedish and Danish physicians consider environmental ef
Cost-benefit-analyses (CBA) are widely used to assess transport projects. Comparing various CBA frameworks, this paper concludes that the range of parameters considered in EU transport CBA is limited. A comprehensive list of criteria is presented, and unit costs identified. These are used to calculate the external and private cost of automobility, cycling and walking in the European Union. Results
Vascular risk factors are believed to be involved in dementia development by increasing risk of the most common dementia types, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia. The aim of this thesis was to study if risk factors affect key brain pathology directly, by using biomarkers for dementia in preclinical stages, and to assess previous findings in a large population-based setting.Paper I: ar
A model for high-energy hadronic cross sections is proposed. It is based on Regge theory and perturbative QCD, and includes soft and hard mechanisms as well as diffractive processes. The validity range of Regge-pole theory in the description of total, elastic, single-, and double-diffractive cross sections is investigated and inconsistencies found already at CERN LHC and/or SSC energies. Examining
We calculate the vector and scalar form factors of the pion to two loops in Chiral Perturbation Theory. We estimate the unknown O(p6) constants using resonance exchange. We make a careful comparison to the available data and determine two O(p4) constants rather precisely, and two O(p6) constants less precisely. We also use Chiral Perturbation Theory to two loops to extract in a model-independent m
The occurrence of an early Preboreal climatic cooling/oscillation (PBO) in lacustrine and glacial records from northwest Europe, Iceland and Greenland is reviewed and documented. The often subtle response of the proxy records to this oscillation, in combination with its short duration, make it difficult to detect. Owing to its chronostratigraphic position between the 10000-9900 and 9600-9500 14C p
