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När den Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen bildades genom Romfördraget fanns inga uttryckliga hänvisningar till skyddet för de grundläggande rättigheterna. Den här uppsatsen beskriver framväxten av regelverket för de grundläggande rättigheter som har utvecklats av EU:s rättsväsende och lagstiftare i nära samarbete med medlemsstaterna och Europarådet. Målet med denna framställning är att presentera The Treaty of Rome which established the European Economic Community contained no explicit references to the protection of fundamental rights. This thesis describes the emergence of an EU acquis covering the field of fundamental rights developed by the EU judiciary and legislators in close cooperation with the Member States and the Council of Europe. The objective of this essay is to present the a

I den så kallade Snippadomen frikände Hovrätten för Västra Sverige den tilltalade från åtal om våldtäkt mot barn då målsägandens ordanvändning, bestående i ordet ”snippa”, inte ansågs ge stöd för att en penetration av målsägandens underliv ägt rum. Hovrätten hade inte diskuterat ordets betydelse med parterna under huvudförhandlingen, utan förlitade sig i slutändan på en ordboksdefinition för att uIn the so-called Snippa verdict, the Court of Appeal for Western Sweden acquitted the defendant of the charge of child rape, due to the judges’ uncertainty of the victim’s use of the word “snippa”. The Court of Appeal had not discussed the meaning of the word with the parties during the trial and ultimately relied on a dictionary definition to determine the meaning of the word, which did not suppo

The 'rule of law crises' in Hungary and Poland have shown weaknesses in the European Union’s system of enforcing the values enshrined in Article 2 TEU after accession. Especially Article 7 TEU as well as the other enforcement procedures have proven to be incapable of forcing Member States back into compliance with the values enshrined in Article 2 TEU so far. However, this thesis contests

There is an ever-growing interest among researchers and practitioners in base of the pyramid (BOP) markets. Still, the distinguishable challenges in terms of presenting a viable business model at the BOP are evident both in research and practice. This thesis aims to examine how private sector firms can innovate business models to attend to the BOP. A qualitative research approach in the form of a

In 2010, an explosive cholera epidemic erupted in Haiti, killing close to 10.000 people and injuring some 800.000. Several scientific reports have traced the spread of the bacterium back to the United Nations base in the Mirebalais in Haiti, which hosted the Nepalese peacekeeping contingent. Subsequent claims for reparation filed by cholera victims have been rejected by the United Nations which de

Following Kosovo’s issuance of a unilateral declaration of independence in 2008, the UN General Assembly requested the International Court of Justice to pronounce itself on the accordance with international law of the declaration of independence. The Court’s answer to that request was that the declaration of independence was not in violation of international law. When the Court rephrased the quest

Businesses are increasingly attracted to Emerging Markets due to the potential of increased demand for goods and services, driven mostly by macroeconomic trends in the external business environment. However, the business model approach for emerging markets differs from the one for developed markets as they are faced with a different set of demand and supply conditions. The purpose of this study is

Reduced growth rates in saturated developed economies have put increasing pressure on multinational companies (MNCs) to expand to rapidly developing emerging markets and capitalize on their value potential. Yet, this value potential comes with several challenges which are very different from what firms experience in developed countries, especially with regards to the bottom of the pyramid. The Tra

A specific motif depicting death is the personification of death in combination with a young woman. This constellation is usually referred to as “Death and the Maiden”. The motif’s origins lie around the 16th century but was given a special revival a few centuries later. The main aim of this study is to examine the motif of Death and the Maiden, both with regard to its historical origin and how i

The aim of this essay is to do a queer reading of the early Swedish pentecostal movement, with a special focus on the women within the movement. The main empirical material is Gustaf Emil Söderholms Den svenska pingstväckelsens historia part I and II, published 1927 and 1928, in addition to this a selection of articles from the Swedish pentecostal magazine Evangelii Härold has been used. The theor

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 the satellite states of the former Communist bloc immediately departed on a journey towards democracy and market capitalism. Among the many tasks of the newly elected governments, one was to transform the paternalist Communist welfare state into a social system that would decrease the oversized role of the state, at the same time as protecting the citizens

Hur många gånger har du tagit på dig en svart tröja och sedan upptäckt hur varmt det blir när solen tittar fram? Med hjälp av den erfarenheten är det säkert tydligt att mörka material värms upp mer av solens strålar än ljusa material. Man säger att mörka material ”tar till sig”, eller absorberar, en större andel av den strålning som solen sänder ut i form av ljus. Det som inte absorberas kan istälHuman population on Earth is increasing and is projected to continue increasing for many years to come. Most of the increase will probably occur in cities and the extent of urban areas will increase with it. As cities grow larger and new cities are built, the many and diverse climatic effects of urbanization will become more evident. A specific climatic effect of urbanization which has not receive

This thesis seeks to investigate the role of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Paris Agreement, and the Swedish Climate Act in the transition to net-zero in energy intensive industries, with a focus on the steel sector. Several empirical studies have previously been done on both national and international policies and how they influence low-carbon transitions and technological innovati

Omkring 10% av Sveriges befolkning lider av kronisk njursjukdom. För de flesta patienter med långt gången, så kallad terminal njursjukdom är njurtransplantation den bästa behandlingen, både för patientens livskvalitet och ur ett hälsoekonomiskt perspektiv. Många patienter som har en villig donator passar inte med denna på grund av icke kompatibla blodgrupper eller för att de har antikroppar motBackground: For most patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) kidney transplantation is the best treatment option. Best outcomes are achieved with living donation. To increase access to living donation for patients who are not compatible with their living donors, Kidney Exchange Programs (KEPs) have evolved. By exchanging donors, compatibility can be achieved thus enabling transplantation.

Denna uppsats undersöker när, och vilken typ av, statligt stöd, till icke-statliga aktörer, utgör ett brott mot våldsförbudet enligt artikel 2(4) i FN-stadgan, med Nicaragua-domen som utgångspunkt. Internationella domstolen fastställde att beväpnande och utbildning av icke-statliga väpnade grupper utgör ett brott mot våldsförbudet, medan finansiellt och, vissa typer av, logistiskt stöd i regel falThis thesis examines when, and what type of, state support to non-state actors constitutes a breach of the prohibition on the use of force under Article 2(4), using the Nicaragua judgement as a central reference point. The ICJ established that arming and training non-state armed groups amount to an unlawful use of force, while financial and some forms of logistical support generally fall under the

With the advancement in autonomous driving technology, the shape of vehicle seats is expected to change. Against this backdrop, a study is required to verify whether or not the diversely-changing seat arrangements are appropriate from the emotional perspective of the driver. This study set the first-row passenger scat with an adjustable seatback, such as an upright position, a 15-degree rotation,

For many years, fascism in East Central and Southeastern Europe remained an overlooked aspect of the history of transnational and transatlantic fascism. This introduction provides a background on how this came to pass and why we should rethink this assumption. The introduction explains how the heterogeneity of East Central and Southeastern European fascism alters the general understanding of Europ

The new Civil Protection Act takes a more holistic view at accident prevention and protection than previous fire and safety regulations. The level of detailed regulation has decreased and national performance objectives have been formulated instead. The main purpose of this report is to present proposals for how municipalities, systematically and effectively, can plan and conduct inspection activi