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Denna uppsats undersöker när, och vilken typ av, statligt stöd, till icke-statliga aktörer, utgör ett brott mot våldsförbudet enligt artikel 2(4) i FN-stadgan, med Nicaragua-domen som utgångspunkt. Internationella domstolen fastställde att beväpnande och utbildning av icke-statliga väpnade grupper utgör ett brott mot våldsförbudet, medan finansiellt och, vissa typer av, logistiskt stöd i regel falThis thesis examines when, and what type of, state support to non-state actors constitutes a breach of the prohibition on the use of force under Article 2(4), using the Nicaragua judgement as a central reference point. The ICJ established that arming and training non-state armed groups amount to an unlawful use of force, while financial and some forms of logistical support generally fall under the

ABR-215757 (5757) is a quinoline-3-carboxamide (Q-compound) currently in clinical development for systemic sclerosis. Q-compounds have shown efficacy in several different models of autoimmune diseases such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and collagen induced arthritis. However, the mechanism of action is still poorly understood. In this thesis we have tried to find the mechanism

Context Adjuvant imatinib administered for 12 months after surgery has improved recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) compared with placebo. Objective To investigate the role of imatinib administration duration as adjuvant treatment of patients who have a high estimated risk for GIST recurrence after surgery. Design, Setting, and Patients Pa

The association of Helicobacter pylori with gastroduodenal diseases is well established. The mode of transmission of the organism is still unclear, although the faecal-oral route has been proposed. H. pylori has been detected in gastric antrum, dental plaques, faeces and water. In the light of these studies we attempted to detect H. pylori in antral biopsies, dental plaques, and stool specimens of

Trigonal-planar, middle transition metal diiminato-imido complexes do not exhibit high-spin states, as might be naively expected on the basis of their low coordination numbers. Instead, the known Fe(III), Co(III), and Ni(III) complexes exhibit S = (3)/(2), S = 0, and S = (1)/(2), ground states, respectively. Kohn-Sham DFT calculations have provided a basic molecular orbital picture of these compou

Lactobacillus kunkeei is the most abundant bacterial species in the honey crop and food products of honeybees. The 16S rRNA genes of strains isolated from different bee species are nearly identical in sequence and therefore inadequate as markers for studies of co-evolutionary patterns. Here, we have compared the 1.5 Mb genomes of ten L. kunkeei strains isolated from all recognized Apis species and

The brain is considered to be an immune privileged site, because the blood-brain barrier limits entry of blood borne cells and proteins into the central nervous system (CNS). As a result, the detection and clearance of invading microorganisms and senescent cells as well as surplus neurotransmitters, aged and glycated proteins, in order to maintain a healthy environment for neuronal and glial cells

The solvent-induced transition between self-assembled structures formed by the peptide AAKLVFF is studied via electron microscopy, light scattering, and spectroscopic techniques. The peptide is based on a core fragment of the amyloid beta-peptide, KLVFF, extended by two alanine residues. AAKLVFF exhibits distinct structures of twisted fibrils in water or nanotubes in methanol. For intermediate wat

Bertil Ohlin was a most active commentator on current economic events in the interwar period, combining his academic work with a journalistic output of an impressive scale. He published more than a thousand newspaper articles in the 1920s and 1930s, more than any other professor in economics in Sweden. Here we have collected 10 articles by Ohlin, translated from Swedish and originally published i

The emergency department is a stressful environment, in which physicians are required to make fast and accurate diagnostic assessments amidst an ever increasing flood of clinical information, including a growing body of medical knowledge. Meanwhile, the digitization of medical health records in combination with recent breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence is ushering in a new era of precision m

Background: Interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) for tuberculosis infection (TBI) cannot distinguish different stages of the TBI spectrum (including spontaneously cleared infection). We investigated patterns of Mtb-specific blood mediators in people with and without TBI during tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). Methods: Individuals with likelihood of recent Mtb exposure, aged 15–25 years, with

This chapter examines the relationship between the United Nations (UN) and African troop contributing countries (TCCs). As a continent which has both hosted and contributed to numerous UN peacekeeping missions, Africa has shaped and is shaped by peacekeeping practices. This chapter considers African states' historical presence in UN peacekeeping operations since the 1960s and distinguishes between

Since the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted in 1979 there has been evident progress in the area of women's rights in great parts of the world, although this progress is still foremost concentrated to the Western hemisphere. In Argentina, the work with gender equality and women's rights set of strongly during the last decade. The

The aim of this essay is to do a queer reading of the early Swedish pentecostal movement, with a special focus on the women within the movement. The main empirical material is Gustaf Emil Söderholms Den svenska pingstväckelsens historia part I and II, published 1927 and 1928, in addition to this a selection of articles from the Swedish pentecostal magazine Evangelii Härold has been used. The theor

The adsorption of a single and negatively charged polyion with varying flexibility onto a surface carrying both negative and positive charges representing a charged membrane surface has been investigated by using a simple model employing Monte Carlo simulations. The polyion was represented by a sequence of negatively charged hard spheres connected with harmonic bonds. The charged surface groups we