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Popular Abstract in Swedish När vi blir infekterade av virus eller bakterier (patogener) hjälper olika delar av vårt immunförsvar till att försvara oss från dem. Vår hud, slemhinnor, magsyra och vissa immunceller hjälper till att ospecifikt och snabbt hindra patogenerna från att angripa oss och ofta räcker detta för att infektionen skall klaras av. Men det finns en del till av vårt immunförsvar soT lymohocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) are important effector cells of the adaptive immune system. In response to infections, B cells are activated and produce antibodies against specific antigens. There are two types of T cells, cytotoxic T cells that kill cells infected with bacteria or viruses, and helper T (Th) cells that help B cells produce antibodies by secreting cytokines as w

Vitamin D was discovered due to its ability to cure rickets, but recently many other important functions for it in the human body have been discoverred, and it counteracts several other diseases, as diabetes and some forms of cancer. The nuclear vitamin D receptor has been found throughout the vertebrate phylum down to jawless fishes, but not in invertebrates. Its role in those organisms that are

Hipparcos observations of double stars, mainly A and F primaries, aremodelled in order to check the statistics of double-star solutions inthe Hipparcos Catalogue and to set quantitative limits on binarydistributions. The number of companions per primary is estimated to 0.25+/-0.05 for semi-major axes from 1 to 10 AU, and to 0.43 +/-0.20 for therange 10--100 AU. The total multiplicity found is betw

Attempts to measure social mobility before the twentieth century are frequently hampered by limited data. In this paper, we use a new source – annual, matched tax censuses over more than 70 years – to calculate intragenerational income mobility within a preindustrial, settler society, the Dutch and British Cape Colony at the southern tip of Africa. Our unique source allows us to measure income mob

Atherosclerosis, the underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, is characterized by chronic inflammation. T cells are present in atherosclerotic plaques and have been implicated in its pathogenesis. This thesis describes studies exploring both the regulation of T cells in atherosclerosis as well as immunomodulatory therapeutics. To study the

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) continues to increase in most countries worldwide and the majority are diagnosed with thin tumours (≤ 1 mm).OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the melanoma-specific survival (MSS) as well as conditional MSS (CMSS) in patients with thin CMM in Sweden.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical and histological parameters we

Phagocytosis is measured as a functional outcome in many research fields, but accurate quantification can be challenging, with no robust method available for cross-laboratory reproducibility. In this study, we identified a simple, measurable parameter, persistent prey-phagocyte association, to use for normalization and dose-response analysis. We apply this in a straightforward analytical method, p

Streptococcus spp. are important causes of infective endocarditis but challenging in species identification. This study compared identification based on sequence determination of the rnpB gene with 2 systems of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI Biotyper (Bruker) and VITEK MS IVD (bioMérieux). Blood culture isolates of viridans streptococci from 63

Protein stabilization was achieved through in vivo screening based on the thermodynamic linkage between protein folding and fragment complementation. The split GFP system was found suitable to derive protein variants with enhanced stability due to the correlation between effects of mutations on the stability of the intact chain and the effects of the same mutations on the affinity between fragment

Taking the exhibition "Art in the Streets", which was shown at The Geffen Contemporary at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles from 17 April to 8 August, 2011, as its main point of departure, the present article discusses street art's association with the institutions of the art world. "Art in the Streets" sparked a lot of debate before, while and after it took place. The article primarily

Local treatment of metastases such as metastasectomy or radiotherapy remains controversial in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. To investigate the benefits and harms of various local treatments, we did a systematic review of all types of comparative studies on local treatment of metastases from renal cell carcinoma in any organ. Interventions included metastasectomy, radiotherapy m

According to international law, under the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (CRSR), refugees have the right to seek asylum in the host country they arrive to. However, there are many democratic states today that view it as their privilege to select which refugees who have the right to enter their territory. In order to do research on this subject I will use Norman Fairclough’s critical

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was long cast as a hematopoiesis villain, driving bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) suppression. We now see that TNF's effects are cell type-, context-, and time-dependent. Rather than being simply "bad," TNF can prune progenitors while transiently reprogramming HSCs without sacrificing long-term regenerative capacity.