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Förorenaren betalar är en ekonomisk princip som internaliserar externa kostnader. Principen är således en metod genom vilken kostnader för förorening kan bli fördelade. Principen kan också beskrivas genom att använda ett rättviseargument, eftersom det kan anses rättvist att förorenaren ska betala för den förorening som han bidragit till. Förorenaren betalar har använts i internationell rätt och anThe polluter pays principle is an economic principle through which external costs can be internalised. The principle is thus a way of allocating costs for pollution. The principle can also be described using a fairness argument, where it would seem fair that the polluter pays the costs for the pollution which he has contributed to. It has been extensively used in international law, and has been re

Denna uppsats behandlar några av de frågetecken som uppkommer vid tillämpningen av artikel 102 i Fördraget om Europeiska unionens funktionssätt i förhållande till evergreening av läkemedelspatent. Begreppet evergreening syftar till ett flertal olika patentstrategier som har för avsikt att förlänga den privilegierade position som en patenthavare åtnjuter när hans eller hennes produkt skyddas av ensThis thesis identifies some of the uncertainties surrounding the application of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) to evergreening of pharmaceutical patens. The concept of ever¬greening refers to a multitude of strategies adopted by patent holders with the aim to extend the privileged position that the patentee holds due to this exclusive right. Evergreening

From the management  Welcome back to a new semester! During the break some CEC staff has been moving to new offices on the second floor and on the ground floor. More people are moving during the next couple of weeks according to the plan sent out in the newsletter before the break. The report of the oversight of the organization and long-time financing of CEC has been presented to the Faculty Mana

https://www.cec.lu.se/january-9th-2020 - 2026-07-11

All customers using services at Center for Translational Genomics (CTG) should cite CTG by including the following sentence in the acknowledgments:"The authors would like to acknowledge Clinical Genomics Lund, SciLifeLab and Center for Translational Genomics (CTG), Lund University, for providing expertise and service with sequencing and analysis."  2025 Evaluating cell-specific gene expression usi

https://www.ctg.lu.se/publications - 2026-07-11

I TEDDY-studien deltog från början 8676 nyfödda barn från Sverige (2528 barn), USA, Finland och Tyskland. Autoantikroppar mot glutaminsyredekarboxylas (GADA) som första autoantikropp upptäcktes hos 379 (4%). Risken för autoimmun typ 1-diabetes hos barn med en autoantikropp är 15/100. Om någon av autoantikropparna mot insulin (IAA), IA-2 (IA-2A) eller ZnT8 transportör (ZnT8A) utvecklas utöver GADA

https://www.teddy.lu.se/resultat-fran-teddy/alla-forskningsartiklar/autoantikroppar/gar-det-att-forutsaga-en-andra-autoantikropp-och-sedan-diabetes-hos-teddy-barn-med-gada-som-forsta - 2026-07-11

Gastroenterit eller magsjuka kan förorsakas av virus, bakterier eller parasiter. Magsjuka karakteriseras av hastigt påkomna symtom som illamående, kräkningar och diarré.  I denna studie undersöktes om av föräldrarna rapporterad gastroenterit eller virus påvisade i avföringsproverna var relaterade till den första autoantikropp mot glutaminsyredekarboxylas (GADA) eller insulin (IAA). I tidigare TEDD

https://www.teddy.lu.se/resultat-fran-teddy/alla-forskningsartiklar/infektioner/paverkar-gastroenterit-risken-att-utveckla-insulinautoantikroppar-2023 - 2026-07-11

Forskningsprojekt inom Samhällsgeografi Projekttitel: LANDSBYGDENS KOMMERSIALISERING GENOM FRITIDSANLÄGGNINGAR. Ekonomiska möjligheter och hållbar utvecklingPeriod: 2008-2012Kontaktperson: Erik Jönsson, Guy Baeten BeskrivningProjektet, som finansierades av FORMAS, syftade till att få en fördjupad förståelse över de samtidigt sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga förändringar i rurala landskap som k

https://www.keg.lu.se/forskning/forskningsprojekt/avslutade-forskningsprojekt/commercialising-countryside - 2026-07-11

HILMA 2012-02-dd HILMA Historiska Institutionen i Lund Meddelar Att… Årgång 37, 2011/12, Nr 2, 2012-02-14 Underlagen till HILMA förvaras i pärmar som står i rum 209, på hyllan ovanför faxen. Där hittar du ytterligare information om seminarier, anställningsvillkor, stipendier och annat samt ansök- ningsblanketter i förekommande fall. De sistnämnda, som är samlade i en separat pärm, kopierar du och

https://www.hist.lu.se/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/hilma_vt12_7_03.pdf - 2026-07-11

Members of the LUCI (Lund University breast Cancer Imaging) group from Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostic Radiology     Breast ImagingBreast TomosynthesisBreast tomosynthesis (BT) is a form of tomographic imaging procedure, compute tomography adapted for breast diagnostics or simply put: 3D-mammography. Tomography involves taking images from different angles and combining the information in

https://www.msf-malmo.lu.se/research-group/x-ray-diagnostics-breast-tomosynthesis-and-mammography - 2026-07-11

Kurs: Sociologi: Kriminologi 31-60 hp (SOCA83) Termin: HT14 Kursansvarig lärare: David Wästerfors SCHEMA med reservation för ändringar Delkurs 1: Kriminologisk teori och forskning (15hp), 2014-09-01 – 2014-10-31 Datum Tid Sal Undervisning Lärare Må 1/9 10-12 13-15 1 1 Kursintroduktion (obl.) Diskussionsträff: kursens upplägg och val av fältkontakter DW, AF DW Ons 3/9 10-12 13-15 1 1 Föreläsning: K

https://www.soclaw.lu.se/sites/soclaw.lu.se/files/soca83.pdf - 2026-07-11

Hjälp oss räkna fåglar Svensk fågeltaxering bygger helt på de fantastiska insatser som görs av kunniga fågelskådare runt om i landet. Idag deltar ca. 700 personer varje år. Den som känner igen våra fåglar till utseende och läte är välkommen att delta. Att noggrant och systematiskt följa fågellivet på detta sätt är roligt, spännande och lärorikt. Dessutom gör man en insats för övervakningen av vår

https://www.fageltaxering.lu.se/inventera - 2026-07-11

The former close relation between producer and consumer has gradually disappeared in the industrialisation and globalisation of the food industry. As a result a need for traceability has emerged. It is difficult today for consumers to know if the products they purchase live up to their specifications due to poor communication between the food industry and consumers. This gap between can be address

Popular Abstract in Undetermined The transparent wings of tiny parasitic wasps and small flies are remarkably thin, only a few hundreds nanometers thick, and may appear to have a simple structural airfoil design. The thesis deals with new findings about structural color reflections and the ultrastructure of such tiny transparent wings of parasitic wasps. The main discovery is that when seemingly tThe remarkably thin transparent wing membranes in tiny wasps may appear to have a simple structural design, but hide a largely unexplored complex of micro-morphological features that serve aerodynamics and may also function in visual signaling. I found that when such small transparent wings are viewed against a dark background they display vivid structural color patterns due to thin film interfere

Introduction 1 PLEASURE, PREFERENCE, AND HAPPINESS: VARIATIONS ON THEMES FROM MILL Johan Brännmark Department of Philosophy, Lund University johan.brannmark@fil.lu.se ABSTRACT: Mill’s qualitative hedonism has been subject to much debate. It was formulated to strike a balance between classical hedonism and perfectionist conceptions of happiness and many have thought that either it is an abandonment

https://www.fil.lu.se/hommageawlodek/site/papper/BrannmarkJohan.pdf - 2026-07-10

Background: Statins are widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). With advancing age, the risks of statins might outweigh the potential benefits. It is unclear which factors influence general practitioners’ (GPs) advice to stop statins in oldest-old patients. Objective: To investigate the influence of a history of CVD, statin-related side effects, frailty and short life expectancy, on G

BACKGROUND: Permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM) early after cardiac transplantation has been shown not to predict a worse outcome. However, the requirement for pacing late after transplantation and its prognostic implications are not fully known. We describe the clinical indications, risk factors and long-term outcome in patients who required pacing early and late after transplantation.METHODS:

According to the Global Burden of Disease study, occupational exposures to particulates, gases and fumes were responsible for 0.36 million deaths and 8.8 million disability-adjusted life years globally in 2015. This thesis focuses on two occupational groups that are at risk for developing adverse health effects from the time they spend in their working environments: cleaning workers and workers in

The thesis studies the use of cloud native software and platforms to implement critical closed loop control. It considers technologies that provide low latency and reliable wireless communication, in terms of edge clouds and massive MIMO, but also approaches industrial IoT and the services of a distributed cloud, as an extension of commercial-of-the-shelf software and systems.First, the thesis def

Background and Aims: There is evidence that housing issues are associated with health outcomes as people age, but little is known in this respect regarding the specific population of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this literature review was to identify and analyze the knowledge gap concerning people with PD and housing issues. Methods: Applying established guidelines for sc

This thesis examines how cultural trauma is mediated and negotiated through film engagement in the post-pandemic and post-socialist Chinese context. Focusing on Lou Ye’s An Unfinished Film, the study investigates how fragmented pandemic experiences become meaningful under conditions where public discourse is restricted. It particularly explores how middling transnational Chinese audiences revisit