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A powerful cartel forces customers to pay significantly more for products and eliminates competition since its participants do not need to improve their productivity or the quality of their products. Cartels have historically exercised great influence over the international economy. During the inter-war period cartels were so powerful that economists have estimated that international cartels contr
This study highlights the expansion of butterflies and macromoths occurring in southern Sweden. Recent changes in climate and habitat has been stressed as the main factors influencing changes in species distributions. Climate change implies an increase in temperature and some species are assumed to extend their northern ranges. In this study we compiled information about the first observations of
The present study investigated second language (L2) learners’ processing of filler-gap dependencies and tested the implications of Clahsen and Felser’s (2006) shallow structure hypothesis according to which L2 learners underuse syntactic information during the processing of these sentence types. Advanced L2 learners of English (native Swedish speakers) listened to English sentences with object-rel
Under senmedeltiden och den tidigmoderna tiden ökade den internationella sjöhandeln kraftigt och successivt skedde en förändring i det merkantila handelsbruket: I takt med att resorna blev längre och mer tidskrävande upphörde lastägarna att tillsammans med sitt gods resa med på transportfartygen. Lastägarnas uteblivna närvaro ersattes med enkla transportdokument, ofta benämnda som ”konossement”. KDuring the late middle ages and the early modern times, international trade by sea increased significantly and a gradual change took place in the mercantile trade practice: As the trips became longer, and more time consuming, the merchants (the cargo owners) ceased to travel along with their cargo aboard the ships. The lack of the cargo owner’s presence was replaced by simple transport documents,
I Sverige idag har vi ett elkraftsystem som befinner sig i förändring. Med utgångspunkt i de uppsatta energi- och klimatmålen har nyttjandet av stamnätet börjat förändras med följder för underliggande regionnät. Situationen är speciell då dessa två nät är hårt parallellkopplade till varandra, men drivs av olika företag. E.ON som regionnätsägare i södra Sverige märker av att i många avseenden drabbIn Sweden today we have an electric power system which is changing. In context of the set energy- and climate goals the use of the transmission grid has started to adjust with consequences for the underlying sub-transmission grid. The situation is special since these two grids are firmly interconnected to each other, but are run by different companies. E.ON who is the operator of the sub-transmiss
Abstract Treatment of chronic inflammatory arthritis has undergone major changes over the past years following introduction of targeted biological therapies. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocking therapy has been the most important biological treatment of chronic arthritis to date. The overall objective of this thesis was to develop a new assessment method of efficacy of biological therapy in clin
Background: Sickness absence has represented a growing public health problem in many Western countries over the last decade. In Sweden disorders of the musculoskeletal system cause approximately one third of all sick leave. The Social Insurance Agency (SIA) and the health care system are important actors in handling the sickness absence process. The objective was to study how patients with persona
Popular Abstract in Swedish Detta är en avhandling om hur en del av vårt meningsskapande går till, sedd genom åtta studenters användning av sina kontextuella resurser. Den handlar om hur vi lyssnar till auditiva, visuella och upplevda röster, och hur vi talar med stöd av dessa röster när vi skapar och utvecklar vår egen röst. Detta kallar jag för rapporterat lyssnande, d.v.s. dessa yttranden visarThis thesis has two points of departure and four main purposes. The first point of departure concerns the narrow perspective of the listening skill in Swedish. The first purpose is to show the lack of attention to the listening skill in research and mother tongue education in the Swedish compulsory school. Educational documents from 1842 to 2000 about Swedish as a school subject are examined from
The interest for effective preventive strategies for slips and falls is growing. Much remains to be done, however, to prevent slips and falls in the traffic environment. Some pedestrians are injured because of slippery pavements and roadways. Using an appropriate anti-skid device may reduce the risk of slips and falls on different surfaces outdoors during winter. The aim of this study was to evalu
An important issue in clinical neural grafting is whether a second instriatial allograft can survive well in a patient who has received an allograft before. In this study, the survival, immunogenicity and function of intrastriatal grafts of allogeneic or syngeneic embryonic dopamine-rich tissue in rats which had previously received either an intrastriatal allo- or syn-graft or sham injections were
BACKGROUND: Cerebral endothelial dysfunction occurs in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Whether biomarkers of microvascular endothelial dysfunction can predict dementia is largely unknown. We explored the longitudinal association of midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP), C-terminal endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1) and midregional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) with dementia and s
Soil organic nitrogen (SON) transformation is critical for global nutrient cycling and ecosystem productivity, yet how its responsiveness to climate change differs across diverse land use types remains poorly resolved. We measured gross protein depolymerization (GPD), microbial N growth, gross N mineralization (GNM) and microbial N use efficiency (NUE) in paired forest and cropland soils along a b
Purpose: To investigate adenoma progression, pituitary function, visual impairment, and need for later surgery in elderly patients with conservatively managed nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas (macro-NFPAs). Methods: Patients ≥ 65 years in the Swedish Pituitary Registry diagnosed 1991–2023 with macro-NFPA and a decision for conservative management were included (n = 673, 38% females). Data at
At the end of August 1999, the local government council of Malmö city decided that the area known as Kvarteret Bilen would be made available for the European Housing Exhibition 2001 (Bo01-mässan). Kvarteret Bilen extends over approximately 80 hectars and includes the western parts of the Western Harbour area (Västra hamnen) of Malmö. Kvarteret Bilen as a whole, but especially the western sections
Ett av målen med den Europeiska Unionen är att skapa en fri inre marknad genom att avskaffa alla hinder för den fria rörligheten för varor, tjänster, personer och kapital. På skatterättens område kan sådana hinder ofta uppstå då medlemsstaternas beskattningssystem inte är harmoniserade. EUD har dock i sin praxis under många år avskaffat en stor del av dessa hinder genom sin tolkning och utvecklingAchieving a free internal market by abolishing obstacles to the free movement of goods, services, persons and capital is one of the fundamental objectives of the European Union. Such obstacles often appear within the field of income taxation, due to the lack of harmonization of the member states' tax systems. The CJEU has during the recent years managed to abolish a large number of restriction
Affärsmetoders patenterbarhet har diskuteras under en lång tid, dock är de exakta kraven för att en affärsmetod ska anses patenterbar och dessas tolkning inte tillräckligt klarlagda, varken i USA eller i Europa. Även om patenterbarheten av affärsmetoder inte har varit en okomplicerad fråga i USA, har både de amerikanska domstolarna och det amerikanska patentkontoret uppvisat en förhållandevis libeThe patentability of business methods has been debated over a long period of time, nevertheless the exact requirements for a business method to be patent eligible and their interpretation remain unclear both in the US and Europe. Although the patent eligibility of business methods has not been an obvious matter in the US, the US courts and the US patent office has chosen to adopt a quite liberal s
Drawing on practice centered approaches to consumption, this study situates a cultural analysis of Instagram, a smartphone-‐based image sharing application used by over 80 million people worldwide, within wider discourses on reflexive modernity, critical media studies, prosumption, and late-‐modern consumer culture. A seven-‐day diary study with 25 international participants, supplemented by pa
In 2003 several interesting events occured on the Swedish market for electronic communications. IP-telephony and third generation mobile telephony were launched, and overall the market revenue for fixed call services declined for the second consecutive year. The decline was in particular referable to lower revenues from dial- up access to the Internet as an increasing number of Internet users tran
The thesis starts with a description of the background to the change of the rules on deduction of VAT on mixed use immovable property through the insertion of Article 168a in the RVD. The reason according to the Amendment is to promote equity and to prevent unjustified cash-flow advantages granted to taxable persons who use acquire immovable property, deduct full input VAT and then pay it back o
